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In the post-Suharto era, Indonesia has been faced with two security challenges, one of them being secessionist threats and the other one is ideological challenge, which is posed by the radical Islamic group. In fact, there has been a perceived change in the political culture of Indonesia since Suharto was forced to quit power. Currently, emphasis is placed on civil society and existence of multiparty democracy.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Post-Suharto Regime and its Influence on Indonesia specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, the changes have destabilized the security of the country in a number of ways. After the independence of East Timor, separatist movements have resurfaced in Indonesia to claim independence. On the other hand, Islamic organizations have taken the opportunity to extend extremist ideas, including perpetuation of terrorism (Assyaukanie 2007, p. 90). Radical Islamic leaders, such as Hamza h Haz, have come out strongly to suggest that Shariah law should be applied in the country. Islamic extremist groups, particularly Jemaah Islamiah, are in support of the establishment of Islamic state. This definitely threatens the national security of the country. The government has failed to control the emergence of separatist groups due to the activities talking place in East Timor. Some militant groups, such as Jemaah Islamiah and Laskar Jihad, have vowed to use force to ensure that the state is converted into an Islamic state (Hefner 2005, p. 67). Jemaah Islamiah is a terrorist network in the Southeast Asia that has been associated with a number of bombings, including Bali bombing and the recent attack on the Australian Embassy on 9 September 2004. It is perceived to be the region’s supreme transnational jihadist movement. Indonesia is the main operational base for the group, though it also operates in Singapore and Philippines. The 2002 Bali bombing was considered the m ain terrorist’s capability. It was the first time that radical groups were using suicide bombers (Singh 2004, p. 68). After the Bali attack, the Indonesian government launched a crackdown on members of the terrorist group, but the group still poses a threat to national security in Indonesia. Since the Bali bombings, the government of Indonesia has been forced to change its policies on terrorism. Before 2002, the post-Suharto governments never thought that terrorism was a serious issue that had to be addressed with urgency. For instance, Megawati government entered into an agreement with Australian security agencies to launch joint crackdowns on members of Jemaah Islamiah (Hillman 2006, p. 58).Advertising Looking for essay on political sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Even though the government has always tried to prevent terrorism, the political class has never explained to the public the magnitude of terrorism in the country. This shows that there is no good will from the political class. Moreover, the government has been reluctant to proscribe the group. This shows that some individuals with enormous influence in government control radical groups such as Jemaah Islamiah. The immediate post-Suharto years were characterized by the resurgence of radicalism in Indonesia (Hughes 2004, p. 12). Terrorist groups emerged to challenge the sovereignty of the state by recruiting youths and financing terrorist activities. It can be observed that Islamic radicalism has played a major role in reshaping the geopolitical climate of the post-Suharto era. Modern Indonesian radicalism is a result of both national and international forces, including spiritual, political, financial, and social elements. A number of Islamic leaders believe that the Indonesian government has discriminated Muslims. They note that Islam has been marginalized (Bawedan 2004, p. 669). In this regard, they have taken advantage of th e weak democracy to claim their rights using scrupulous techniques such as terrorism. Islamic leaders claim that Islam should be given its rightful position in government. List of References Assyaukanie, L 2007, The Rise of Religious Bylaws in Indonesia, Rajaratnam School of International Studies, Singapore. Bawedan, A 2004, â€Å"Political Islam in Indonesia – Present and Future Trajectory†, Asian Survey, Vol. 44, no. 5, pp 669–690.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Post-Suharto Regime and its Influence on Indonesia specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Hefner, R 2005, Muslim Democrats, and Islamist Violence in Post-Soeharto Indonesia, Princeton University Press, Princeton. Hillman, B 2006, â€Å"New Elections, Old Politics,† Far Eastern Economic Review, Vol. 26, no. 9, pp 16-57. Hughes, J 2004, â€Å"Indonesia: Islam, Democracy Do Mix,† Christian Science Monitor, Vol. 28, no. 2, pp 12-18. Singh, B 2004, â€Å"The Challenge of Militant Islam and Terrorism in Indonesia,† Australian Journal of International Affairs, Vol. 58, no. 1, pp 47–68 This essay on Post-Suharto Regime and its Influence on Indonesia was written and submitted by user Juan S. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here. Post When we talk about abuse, we basically mean mistreating and manipulating someone causing physical, sexual or psychological harm to their emotions and self esteem. Trauma, on the other hand, is a result of being involved in a distressing traumatic ordeal that affects your emotions and leaves lasting memories of the encounter.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder and Abused Women specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Post-traumatic stress disorder may be as a result of past experiences such as rape, domestic violence or molestation. This anxiety disorder that arises from trauma may leave behind long-lasting psychological effects that may keep on haunting the victims (Harris, 1996). Such individuals need counseling and motivation to help them combat the fear within them and boost their self esteem. Women tend to be more vulnerable to abuse, assault, battering, kidnapping, rape and even physical , emotional and psychological torture regardless of their social status in the community, race, tribe, nationality or their level of education. They all experience domestic violence, abuse and post-traumatic disorders. In most cases, these incidences of women abuse occur within the confine of a family set up or relationship where one partner tends to mistreat, mishandle, abuse and assaults the other partner and in most cases the women fall victim of such misconducts from their male counter parts. Such abuse and undermining of one’s feelings and emotions often leads to detrimental effects on the victims. Most abused women tend to harbor anger and hatred against those that mistreat them and this leads to a failed marriage institution as women are the corner stone of any stable marriage. It also leads to low productivity as their psyche to hard work and fend for their families drastically fades away. Post-traumatic disorder that emanates from trauma and routine torture, leads to a negative psychological effect on the victims. Since women tend to be the weaker sex with a lot of emotions, they tend to be affected to a great extend by such mistreatment and abuse. Some end up having very low self esteem, depressed, stressed up and some even contemplate of committing suicide. Women who happen to be abused sexually or raped in their earlier stages tend to have severe trauma and psychological disorders that may even affect their relationship with their male counterparts and more so their marriages later on in life. Statistics have shown that one of the three women has been abused either sexually, physically, emotionally or psychologically. A survey conducted in Canada by the General Social Survey (GSS) group deduced that about 25 percent of the women in Canada have been abused by their partners. The survey also showed that the incidences of women molestation tend to be more severe than the abuse directed to their men counterparts. (Pottie, 2000).Advertising Looking for report on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In conclusion, we have to find lasting solutions to these barbaric behaviors that have lead to destruction of many women’s lives, their families, kin and relationships as a result of trauma and abuse mostly from their spouses. There has to be a mutual understanding between spouses and each one has to play his or her role in the family and give their very best to enable the marriage to stand. In cases of serious misunderstandings, the services of a marriage counselor may come in handy. For women who are abused and harbor psychological trauma, it is advisable to seek treatment and guidance from a trained personnel, therapist or a doctor. It also helps have a confidant whom you can freely share your private life with. References Harris, J. (1996). Dangerous Domains: Violence Against Women in Canada. Toronto: Sage Publications. Pottie, V. (2000). Spousal Violence: Statistical profile of Family Violence in Canada. Toronto: Oxford University Press. This report on Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder and Abused Women was written and submitted by user Christopher J. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here. Post Introduction Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a condition that develops when one feels when their safety is threatened and when they feel helpless. The common notion in today’s environment is that the condition is attributed to soldiers who are scared of battle. Whereas military combat is listed as the most common cause of PTSD in men, it can occur due to a number of different reasons in both women and men.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: Causes, Symptoms and Treatments specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More An event in one’s life that is overwhelming and one that is both uncontrollable and unpredictable in a person’s life can be the trigger of PTSD. The condition does not only affect those who went through a traumatizing ordeal but also those who witnessed it, law enforcement agents and emergency aid workers who pick up the pieces after the occurren ce or even to the family and friends of the people who were the victims of the actual trauma. Every person is created different. As such, it follows that the symptoms of PTSD can manifest themselves in a person maybe hours after, days, weeks, months or even years. There are many events that can lead to the manifestation of PTSD in people. War has been detailed as the most common. Others include car clashes, sudden death occurring to a close person; be it friend or relative, plane clashes, kidnapping, rape, neglect during childhood, deadly assault, attack by terrorists, sexual abuse mostly from a close person, physical abuse, natural disasters among many others. The thesis developed for this paper is the understanding of the causes, symptoms, stigma, treatments and prevention of post-traumatic stress disorder. The facts that are going to be discussed in this research paper will aid in the proving of this thesis. Discussion PTSD can manifest itself in many ways. The symptoms may arise gradually, suddenly or may be on and off. The symptoms can either be triggered by a cue in the environment like a noise which makes the person remember the trauma or can appear out of nowhere. Symptoms can be classified into those arising from re-experience of the traumatic event, avoidance of the events and those arising from emotional arousal and increased anxiety.Advertising Looking for research paper on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Specifically, a person who re-experiences the trauma will have upsetting and intrusive memories of that event, nightmares of the event itself or other things that are frightening, intense physical reactions including nausea, pounding of the heart, sweating, rapid breathing, and tension of the muscles, flashbacks to the particular event so that it seems like it is occurring again and intense distress that arises from being reminded of the trauma. One who is trying to numb an d avoid remembrance of the event is likely to avoid thoughts, activities, places and even feelings that may associate with the trauma, have a feeling of detachment from others and be emotionally numb, lose interest in the daily activities and even in life itself, have an abnormal sense of a normal life and tend to expect nothing resembling it; like a career, family or even a normal life span and lack the ability to remember the exact aspects of the trauma. Those who experience increased emotional arousal and anxiety are likely to have difficulty in falling asleep, feeling uneasy such that they are easily startled and feel jumpy, be on constant alert, have decreased concentration and be easily irritated and occasionally burst out in anger (Kimerling Calhoun, 1994). Other symptoms that are common with the disorder include hopelessness, pains, anger, suicidal thoughts, depression, guilt and shame, drug abuse, self, loneliness even in the presence of others and self-blame. Individuals who are affected by PTSD do not portray normal behavior. They tend to avoid being in certain situations that normal behavior expects them to be. These individuals will occasionally seem lost since they are incapable of paying attention and can neither therefore sustain a conversation nor can they keep at an activity for long. The behavior that people with PTSD portray is not considered normal. Recurring distressing recollections, nightmares, distress, lack of interest in normal life and sleeplessness are some of the abnormal behavior that people with PTSD show. These behaviors are considered abnormal since they were usually associated with people with mental illnesses and not in otherwise normal people. This perception that has been engraved in the minds of people and resulting from cultural beliefs are what makes the behaviors of PTSD to be classified as abnormal. Often, these people will withdraw themselves from society and will always stay alone (Meltzer et al, 2000). Since they do not sleep much, they may be drowsy. Other abnormal behavior is the ease of irritability, aggression, agitation and experience of panic attacks. PTSD is classified as being in axis 1.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: Causes, Symptoms and Treatments specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This is because the disorder is often characterized by major psychiatric illness, major depression, substance abuse and in most cases is recurrent without any psychotic features. There are negative qualities that society has attached with having mental illnesses. People who have mental disorders are stigmatized which results to feeling of weakness, hopelessness and shame (Britt, 2000). 61% of the soldiers who return from combat admit that a disclosure of their psychological condition would mean a negative effect on their careers. Such people who are mostly victims of PTSD do not therefore seek treatments and instead attempt to deal with the situation on their own which worsens it. Once a soldier has been diagnosed with a psychological problem associated with PTSD, they are less likely to go for referral treatment compared to referral for physical illnesses. The society that we live in has not changed much even with the attempt to sensitize people on the condition. 43% of soldiers returning from battle believe that a disclosure of their psychological conditions will make other people not want to be around them (Hoge et al, 2004). This shows that they believe that the society negatively treats those who have any king of psychological problem however minute or whether treatable or not. Studies that have been done on soldiers indicate that most of them do not seek treatment for PTSD for fear that the members of their respective units will see them as being weak. The major barrier to the treatment of PTSD is the perception of the society on those who do seek the treatment. PTS D is treated by psychotherapy also known as talk therapy, medication or a combination of both.. Psychotherapy involves talking to a professional and can occur one-on-one or as a group therapy. The treatment usually takes a minimum of 6 weeks and can extend up to 12 weeks. During this period, friends and family are encouraged to assist as research has shown that the support of these people actually improves the chances of success of the therapy.Advertising Looking for research paper on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The focus of treatment can either be on the alleviation of the symptoms of the disorder or can be on the social aspects of the patient’s life including family and the job. The therapists in conjunction with doctors try out a number of different therapies to determine which combination works best for a particular patient. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) is the most common type of therapy and includes; exposure therapy, cognitive restructuring and stress inoculation training. Medications include sertraline (Zoloft) and paroxetine (Paxil), both antidepressants, which have been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). A combination of both psychotherapy and medicines has been proposed as the most effective way of treatment which is known as psychopharmacology. There are some ethical issues that arise from the use of psychopharmacology. The most common is that the drugs that are used for treatment have been found to have negative side effects which include thoug hts of suicide in victims (Bridge et al, 2007). This begs the question among critics of whether such side effects are desirable considering the outcome that needs to be arrived at. In order to prevent the adverse effects that are associated with PTSD, there are a number of precautions that can be taken. The first is that the victim should be immediately taken or take himself to a safe place to prevent further exposure to the trauma. Secondly, one should consult a doctor if they have suffered any physical injury. Thirdly, the person should be availed with or should look for food and water. Fourth, the person should contact a loved one either friend or family and inform them of the occurrence and lastly, one should immediately seek help. Conclusion PTSD is a condition that affects people who have undergone a major trauma or event that leaves them feeling powerless. Such events are usually unpredictable and uncontrollable. The condition is characterized by a wide range of symptoms that can occur immediately after the ordeal or after some time. Society should be sensitized on the condition in order to reduce the stigma that is associated with it which prevents people with the symptoms from seeking treatment. The condition can be treated by psychotherapy, medication or psychopharmacology which is a combination of both. However, a person who has been caught up in a traumatic occurrence should take precautions to ensure that PTSD does not develop in him. References Bridge, J.A. et al. (2007). Clinical response and risk for reported suicidal ideation and suicide attempts in pediatric antidepressant treatment, a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Journal of the American Medical Association, 297(15): 1683-1696. Britt, T.W. (2000). The stigma of psychological problems in a work environment: Evidence from the screening of service members returning from Bosnia. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 30, 1599-1618. Hoge, C.W. et al. (2004). Combat duty in Iraq an d Afghanistan, mental health problems, and barriers to care. The New England Journal of Medicine, 351, 13-22. Kimerling, R., Calhoun, K.S. (1994). Somatic symptoms, social support, and treatment seeking among sexual assault victims. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 62, 333-340. Meltzer, H. et al (2000). The reluctance to seek treatment for neurotic disorders. Journal of Mental Health, 9, 319-327. This research paper on Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: Causes, Symptoms and Treatments was written and submitted by user Alyssa Thornton to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here. Post Post-Impressionism is one of the most vivid art movements of the period between 1880 and 1905 which developed mainly in such European countries as France and England. Following the ideas of Impressionism, such painters as Paul Cezanne developed their unique vision of depicting emotions and impressions in a picture.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Post-Impressionism: Paul Cezanne specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Paul Cezanne (1839–1906), the French artist, is often discussed as the founder of Post-Impressionism movement and its ideologist. The new approach to reflecting personal emotions can be observed with references to Cezanne’s paintings. Focusing on the personal vision of art, the artist developed the links between previous Impressionism and further Cubism (Medina). That is why, the works by Cezanne are characterized by the extreme focusing on forms and colors in order to represent the authorâ⠂¬â„¢s specific vision of the world. Thus, to understand the variety and depth of Cezanne’s paintings, it is necessary to concentrate on the most famous works of the artist. In his works, Cezanne intended to demonstrate emotions and ideas which could be reflected in abstract artificial forms. The artists did not pay much attention to perspectives and to the relations between foreground and background because the main focus was on the meaning which often could be rather symbolic. The works by Cezanne are easily recognized because of the strict forms and contrasts (Medina). To accentuate definite objects, the artist often used simple colors, but with developing a lot of tones. Furthermore, Cezanne effectively used the play of light. Advertising Looking for essay on art? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Compote, Pitcher and Fruit, 1892 The Black Marble Clock, 1869–1871 This approach helped draw the audience’s attention to the meaning of the paintings instead of presenting the natural objects in relation to their real forms and colors. From this point, Post-Impressionism is the art of emotions and deep ideas in which the depicted objects serve only for reflecting these ideas (Rabinow). Woman Seated, in Blue, 1902 The Card Players, 1892 It seems that in his works, Cezanne did not differentiate between the approaches to depicting the humans, natural objects, or artificial objects. Bold multidirectional strokes are typical for all Cezanne’s paintings in spite of the object for depiction. From this point, it is interesting to pay attention to Cezanne’s depiction of the nature and landscapes. The changes in the perspective and spaces are represented by the artist with the help of changing colors and contrasting the tones (Rabinow). Cezanne’s landscapes are intended to represent the artist’s emotions about them rather than the actual forms and spaces.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Post-Impressionism: Paul Cezanne specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Chateau Noir, 1900 Mont Sainte Victoire, 1900 The works by many Post-Impressionists are discussed as independent and individual. Cezanne’s paintings are also incomparable with the works of the other artists because of the unique emotional brushwork and focus on abstractionism. The artist developed the theory of art according to which only ideas and impressions with emotions can form the further art peace as the reflection of the author’s ideals (Medina). To emphasize the opposition between the ideal and naturalistic worlds, Cezanne used artificial strict and constructed forms and bold brushwork. Advertising Looking for essay on art? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Les Grandes Baigneuses, 1898-1905 Jas de Bouffan, 1885–1887 Paul Cezanne is the unique artist whose works influenced the art perceptions of not only the representatives of Post-Impressionism because of the developed and applied theory or art but also the visions of the further artists who realized the ideas supported by Cezanne in Cubism and other movements associated with the abstract art. Works Cited Medina, Joyce. Cà ©zanne and Modernism: The Poetics of Painting. USA: SUNY Press, 1995. Print. Rabinow, Rebecca. Cà ©zanne to Picasso. USA: Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2006. Print. This essay on Post-Impressionism: Paul Cezanne was written and submitted by user F1rebrand to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here. Post Post Post

Malaria in pregnancy in African Region Essay Example

Malaria in pregnancy in African Region Essay Example Malaria in pregnancy in African Region Essay Malaria in pregnancy in African Region Essay Background of Malaria Malaria is a catching disease to people of all ages and is caused by parasites of the species plasmodium. Plasmodium falciparum ( P. falciparum ) has the most consequence on maternal and fetal mortality and morbidity. The effects on the wellness position of adult females and their progeny following infection with P vivax, P ovale, and P malariae are less documented. Transmission is from one individual to the other through infected mosquito bites with symptoms normally looking between 10-15 yearss after the mosquito bite and these consist of febrility, concern, and purging. If non treated rapidly, malaria can go dangerous ensuing in the break of blood supply to vital organic structure variety meats ( WHO, 2004 ) . More frequently than non, Malaria is known as a illness of poorness ( Gullup and Sachs 2001 ; Sachs and Malaney 2002 ; World Health Organisation/UNICEF 2003 ) . Following the unsuccessful Global Programme for Malaria Eradication in 1969, malaria obliteration has non been notably feasible. Nevertheless, in October 2007, Melinda and Bill Gates resurrected the desire to eliminate malaria which was further endorsed by the World Health Organisation ( WHO ) and the Roll Back Malaria ( RBM ) Partnership. The African part consists of 50 states prone to malaria transmittal with 47 situated in sub-Saharan Africa bearing the bulk of the malaria burden worldwide. Malaria remains as one of the chief causes of morbidity and mortality globally. Given that the planetary parts that experience inordinate malaria load covers the less advanced systems of wellness, it is deserving observing that the reported figures of coverage stand foring deceases and clinical instances yearly are best estimations. Approximately 86 % of Africa s full population life in the countries of high transmittal is at hazard where one in every five ( 20 % ) childhood deceases is due to the effects of the disease ( Figure 1 ) . In Zimbabwe malaria is still a terrible public wellness job across the full age groups doing it the 3rd commonest disease from HIV/AIDS and Tuberculosis ( WHO, 2008 ) . Plasmodium ovale and P. malariae relate to 2 % of reported instances with 98 % from P. falciparum and Anopheles arabiensis as the individual vector in conveying the disease. However, kids under the age of five old ages, pregnant adult females, the aged and individuals that have HIV/AIDS are at high hazard. There is 1.5 million malaria incidents reported every 12 months while an norm of 1,000 persons die from malaria. There has been a perceptible decrease of both morbidity and mortality rates in the state. Epidemiology of Malaria in Pregnancy in the African Region Malaria in gestation ( MIP ) is an obstetric, societal and medical job necessitating multidisciplinary and multidimensional solution. Every twelvemonth, around 25 million adult females in Africa autumn pregnant and during that period are at hazard from P. falciparum malaria ( WHO, 2008 ) . The disease contributes to the deceases of an estimated 10,000 pregnant adult females and up to 200,000 babies each twelvemonth in Africa entirely ( Steketee, 2001 ) . Its load is significantly represented and attending records to antenatal clinics are comparatively good and by and large really small coverage with intercessions for the bar and intervention of malaria in those adult females at hazard. The load of malaria is non every bit distributed since transmittal nowadayss it as a disease focused in the Torrid Zones, but with a range into semitropical parts in five continents ( Figure 2 and 3 ) ( WHO, 2008 ) . Despite jobs experienced, there has been important developments made in specifying the world-wide spread of malaria ( Hay and Snow, 2006 ; Guerra, Snow, and Hay, 2006 ) . As highlighted from an increasing organic structure of grounds, this suggests that the causal nexus runs in both waies, as malaria decreases economic growing rises ( Gallup A ; Sachs 2001 ) . Malaria in Pregnancy in the African Region The entire prostration in Zimbabwe s wellness system due to the on-going worsened economic system and intensified poorness has resulted in a rough mortality rate of 20/1000 population and infant mortality rate at 64/1000 unrecorded births ( OCHA, 2009 ) . However, the maternal mortality ratio continues to be inordinate at 725/100,000 unrecorded births ( OCHA, 2009 ) . Approximately half of the state s population stay in high transmittal countries where transmittal is volatile. While Zimbabwe was in reception of assistance from assorted spouses via UNICEF, in 2008 about 70 % spread in critical demands still existed ( OCHA, 2009 ) . Harmonizing to the 2005/2006 Zimbabwe demographic wellness study, there was instead a lower rate of pregnant adult females utilizing cyberspaces and those in urban countries ( 13 % in Harare ) used more than those in rural countries ( 5 % in Midlands ) ( CSO [ Zimbabwe ] and Macro International Inc. , ( 2007 ) . Therefore, in order for MIP to be addressed to the full in Zimbabwe, the authorities demand to instantly reconstruct and beef up its wellness attention services. Midwifes all over the universe expression after adult females who face the danger of the disease ( Keeney, 2004 ; Raisler, 2001 ; Davidson, 2002 ) . Following malaria infection, there is a tendency in relation to strength of the disease ( Snow, Craig, Hewton and Steketee, 2003 ; Parise et al 1998 and WHO/AFRO, 2004 ) as a consequence of the altering downswing of cell-mediated unsusceptibility happening for the continuance of gestation ( Griffith, Lewis, Mali and Parise, 2007 ) . Those pregnant adult females who are by so exposed to hypoglycaemia due to heighten pancreatic A ; szlig ; -cell map, have a greater possibility of diagnostic hypoglycemia through Plasmodium infection as a consequence of maternal hyperinsulinaemia, parasite and maternal glucose demands during feverish unwellness, and reduced liver animal starch shops from reduced unwritten consumption linked to anorexia and emesis ( Bouyou-Akotet, et Al, 2003 ) . The effects of MIP vary from different factors, like the perio d of gestation, degree of unsusceptibility, gravidness, and the presence or absence of comorbidity ( Bouyou-Akotet, et Al, 2003 and Coll et Al, 2008 ) . Once the immune system is compromised during gestation the unwanted effects of MIP consist of maternal anemia, preterm bringing, self-generated abortion, low-birth weight ( LBW ) , inborn infection, maternal decease and spontaneous abortion ( Schultz et al, 1994 ; Verhoeff, et Al, 1998 ; Njagi et Al, 2000 ; Parise, et al 1998 ; Shulman, et Al, 1999 ) . Prevention and Control The two basic elements of malaria control are: early diagnosings that will supply entree to disease direction and prompt effectual intervention to shorten the continuance of infection and prevent farther complications. Success in malaria control and riddance is of import in all states in order to understate peripheral and placental infection and anemia during gestation and the subsequent maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality. However, there are several states where it is important to accomplish the RBM marks, both in the short- and medium- to long-run, due to the malaria deceases distribution ( Figure 3 ) . Harmonizing to the Africa Malaria Report ( 2006 ) , 35 sub-Saharan African states have adopted IPTp in their policies but issues still exist in their execution at state degree. Prevention of MIP includes intermittent preventative intervention ( IPTp ) with sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine ( SP ) , insecticide-treated cyberspaces ( ITNs ) , and instance direction of malaria infection and anemia ( WHO, 2000 ) . Although few states in Africa presently provide intermittent presumptive intervention in gestation ( IPTp ) as portion of regular prenatal attention, prenatal contacts provide an chance to present a scope of malaria control intercessions ( e.g. IPTp, ITNs ) . In endemic countries, bar and intervention of the disease are critical factors of prenatal attention, but need to be weighed up during gestation. Re-occurrence of malaria in gestation even after drug intervention is more frequent ensuing in the addition of drug immune parasites to the little figure of those drugs that have been accepted as harmless to the adult female and the fetus. Pressing precedence is required to determine those drugs that are harmless and effectual in pregnant adult females. As per WHO recommendations, disposal of IPTp antimalarial medicines at predefined intervals will protect the pregnant adult female from malaria ( Crawley, et Al, 2007 and Peters, Thigpen, Parise, Newman, 2007 ) . IPTp is indispensable given that placental malarial infection may perchance be in the absence of peripheral parasitemia when infection is non apparent in blood vilifications ( Mankhambo, Kanjala, Rudman, Lema and Rogerson 2002 ) , and symptomless marks from these adult females with placental malaria may besides be present. Sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine ( SP ) is given out in the 2nd and 3rd periods of gestation. SP has shown to be harmless and an effectual defense mechanism against peripheral and placental infection and anemia and minimises the incidence of LBW ( WHO, 2000 and WHO/AFRO, 2004 ) during gestation. Artemisinin-based combination therapies ( ACTs ) though dearly-won are more effectual in that two or more drugs are used at the same time with independent manner of action that offer unrelated manner of action to their mark therefore aid to prolong the effectivity of IPTp ( Peters, Thigpen, Parise and Newman, 2007 ) . SP is normally used in Africa as an IPT of MIP. Malaria susceptibleness in gestation has a delayed effect on birth weight results, but a more serious consequence on still birth hazard. MIP in sub-Saharan Africa is estimated to account for ( UNICEF ) : 8 14 % of low birth weight ( LBW ) and 30 % preventable LBW 8 36 % of preterm bringing 70 % of growing deceleration 3 8 % of all infant deceases 2 15 % of maternal anemia Sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine during gestation was deemed harmless and efficacious for the bar of placental malaria in pregnant adult females in Kenya ( Parise, et Al, 1998 ) . IPTp with a farther survey by Shulman, et Al ( 1999 ) demonstrated that even one dosage of sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine during the 2nd and/or 3rd trimester of gestation was effectual in diminishing the happening of serious anemia ( Shulman, et Al, 1999 ) . ITNs usage minimise the contact between female parent and her kids from the malaria vector ( Crawley, et Al, 2007 ) . Snow, et Al ( 2004 ) performed an ecological survey analysis deducing that disablement and decease ensuing from malaria may perchance be greater than once detected and suggested that implementing ITNs throughout Africa should be the chief concern to heighten kid endurance ( Snow, et Al, 2004 ) . CDC tests proved that the usage of ITNs consequences to a 20 % decrease in most instances of child decease ( WHO, 2000 and ter Kuile, et Al, 2003 ) . Figure 4 shows the position of IPTs policy and execution at state degree in 2005. Treatment of malaria in gestation Training of wellness attention workers so that they rapidly recognize unwellness and effectual intervention is critical for effectual instance direction of malaria and anemia. Regular anemia testing for MIP and Fe supplementation is besides recommended by WHO ( WHO/AFRO, 2004 ) . The regional Plasmodium species determines the pick of the exact drug for malaria intervention in gestation with any identified drug sensitivenesss or opposition, consideration to the possible advantage versus possible results, and whichever contraindications to use in gestation. WHO and CDC provide comprehensive and up-to-date processs for covering with simple and serious MIP ( ter Kuile, et Al, 2003 and WHO, 2000 ) . Uncomplicated chloroquine-resistant P. falciparum is treated with quinine along with clindamycin as per CDC recommendations. In instances of terrible infection, endovenous intervention with quinidine gluconate plus clindamycin, Achromycin, or Vibramycin is used ( Griffith, Lewis, Mali and Parise, 2007 ) . As per WHO s blessing, during the first three months of gestation, quinine together with clindamycin is the chosen class of therapy to handle unsophisticated P falciparum malaria ( WHO, 2000 ) . If clindamycin is non available or one can non afford to purchase, quinine monotherapy should be provided. However, quinine is restricted due to the disadvantages it presents that consist of the drawn-out class of intervention and the increased hazard of hypoglycemia during the 2nd and 3rd trimesters of gestation. ACT is promoted by tonss of planetary wellness bureaus as the favoured step in the intervention of malaria in Africa to heighten efficaciousness and to understate the spread of opposition and the likeliness of decreased malaria transmittal ( WHO, 2000 ; Garner, and Graves, 2005 ; M A ; eacute ; decins Sans Fronti A ; egrave ; RESs, 2004 ) . Intervention Interventions to forestall malaria include intermittent preventative intervention, insecticide-treated cyberspaces, and instance direction of malaria infection and anemia. However, current intercession riddance attempts are driven by the ministries of wellness of malaria-endemic states. They get proficient support from WHO and its spouses, and a few are maintained by fiscal awards from the Global Fund, but most financess come from national authoritiess. The Global Malaria Action Plan was developed in September 2008 through audience with representatives from the Roll Back Malaria Partnership ( RBM ) in 1998 and other experts from assorted specialist Fieldss ; the United Nations Millennium Declaration in 2000, the Abuja Declaration by African Heads of State in 2000, the World Health Assembly in 2005, and the RBM planetary strategic program 2005-2015 have all contributed to the constitution of ends, indexs and marks for malaria control. Harmonizing to a proposal on steps to travel from malaria control to riddance, an indicant was given that a speedy bend down in the load of malaria is executable when a comprehensive bundle of malaria bar and control is put into pattern in the same geographic country at the same clip, as been witnessed in Botswana, Eritrea, Sao Tome and Principe, South Africa and Swaziland ( WHO/AFRO, 2009 ) . In September 2008, RBM launched the Global Malaria Action Plan that defines the stairss required to speed up accomplishment of the Partnership s 2010 and 2015 marks for malaria control and riddance ( WHO/AFRO, 2009 ) . The improved effort to pull off malaria on a planetary degree and move in the way of riddance in some states is founded on the latest coevals of effectual tools and methods for bar and intervention. The rise in the usage of IRS, LLINs, ACTs presents an exceeding option to command and, in selected states, extinguish malaria. Issues and challenges in malaria in gestation In order for the intercessions to be effectual in the bar and control of MIP, there are assorted identified challenges that would necessitate turn toing as follows: Enhancing monitoring and rating systems that will include scaling up intercession programmes that addresses: convergences in diagnosing, complexness and costs of drugs opposition ; possible for drug interactions ; and harmonizing activities by Malaria, HIV and Reproductive Health plans. Sufficient human resources and managerial capacity so that bar and control programmes are efficaciously managed. Enhancing schemes to obtain more adult females go toing all their ANC visits early plenty and guaranting services are available. Enhanced coaction with spouses to scale-up intercessions. Enhancing undertaking malaria and HIV/AIDS co-morbidities in those adult females at hazard. Decisions Based on the reappraisal by Desai et Al ( 2007 ) , it is apparent that the clinical effects of MIP to the female parent and the kid and the extent of the job are enormous but the challenge remains of the presence of important cognition spreads that hinder the consideration of and aptitude of commanding this of import public wellness issue. However, there is demand to heighten socio-economic development in order to increase feasibleness and effectivity of malaria control schemes. The inquiry still remains to measure whether the RBM marks set to cut down mortality and morbidity by 50 % will be met by the mark day of the month in 2010 ( RBM, 2008 ) .

Steel Industry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Steel Industry - Essay Example Arcelor was also the top steel producer in 2003 and 2004 in terms of output in metric tons (International Iron and Steel Institute [IISI]). POSCO, based in Korea, is a manufacturer and distributor of steel rolled products and plates in the domestic and overseas markets. In 2004, the company produced more than 30.2 million tons of crude steel. Its products include hot rolled and cold rolled products, plates, wire rods, silicon steel sheets and stainless steel products. Other products include lower value-added semi-finished products such as pig iron, billets, blooms and slabs. The company enjoyed a market share of around 50% of the total steel products sales in Korea in 2004, with 74.2% of its total sales generated primarily from the Korean market. The company's major export market is Asia, primarily the Chinese and Japanese markets. Other important markets are North America and Europe (POSCO Annual Report). POSCO is the fifth top producer in terms of output from 2003 to 2004 (IISI). Mittal Steel Company N.V., formerly known as Ispat International N.V., produces finished and semi-finished carbon steel products including hot-rolled sheets, cold-rolled sheets, plates, electro-galvanized and coated steel, bars, wire-rods, wire-products, pipes, billets, blooms, slabs, tinplate, structural sections and rails. The company produces steel according to various specifications such as many difficult and technically sophisticated products for use in several high-end applications. Mittal Steel supplied industries in more than 90 countries in 2004, concentrating mainly in North American and European markets. In 2004, it was one of the largest manufacturers of direct reduced iron, with total production of 9.7 million tons. Mittal Steel takes advantage of its strategic shipping location in London, which is a key hub of the global shipping business (Mittal Steel Annual Report). Mittal Steel was the second top steel producer in 2003 and 2004 (IISI). Source: International Iron and Steel Institute However, Mittal, which consolidated Ispat International, Ispat Inland, LNM Holdings and International Steel Group in late 2004 and early 2005, is bound to become the largest steel producer in the world. Steel producers continuously face difficult challenges. For instance, steel companies are highly dependent on demands of such industries as the automotive, beverage and housing that when these industries suffer, they follow suit ("Steel and Iron Industry Profile"). Steel companies exporting their products to North America also have to tackle various issues. In the United States, companies such as POSCO of South Korea and Nippon Steel of Japan, has to contend with complaints from US steel makers demanding an end to illegal dumping by offshore steel manufacturers ("Steel and Iron Industry Profile"). United States Steel Corporation, based in Pittsburgh, PA, is the second largest integrated steelmaker in the United States, and the seventh top steel producer in the world, producing sheet and semi-finished steel, tubular and plate steel and tin products. The company primarily markets its products to the automotive, construction,